The Role of Oceans in Sustainable Development for Achieving the 7th Sustainable Development Goal: Clean and Affordable Energy

Abstract

Although the world is undergoing an energy transition, most of the energy consumed globally still comes from polluting sources, highlighting the urgency for clean and sustainable alternatives. This article analyzes the global energy landscape, discusses the main forms of ocean energy utilization, and reflects on the potential and challenges of its implementation in Mozambique, considering the role of oceans in achieving SDG 7. The research is based on a bibliographic review, interpreting national and international studies on ocean energy. Results show that oceans represent one of the most promising renewable resources, offering various energy conversion possibilities, including wave, tidal, ocean current, ocean thermal (OTEC), and offshore wind energy. Countries such as Scotland, Japan, South Korea, and France have achieved significant advances, although these technologies remain costly and largely experimental. Mozambique, with its extensive coastline, has favorable conditions for ocean energy exploitation, providing a strategic opportunity to diversify the energy matrix, enhance energy security, and contribute to achieving SDG 7.